5结语
RA的微环境特点和肿瘤非常相似,即存在低氧状态、大量致炎因子、大量血管新生活性分子,其主要病理过程涉及滑膜血管新生及关节外大血管的粥样硬化,因此有人提出,RA实际上可定义为一种血管性疾病。这意味着RA的血管靶向性治疗一方面可以抑制滑膜血管新生,减轻骨和软骨的破坏,另一方面还可以预防关节外大血管的损伤。RA滑膜血管新生与低氧微环境及炎症状态密切联系,但是各自由不同的信号通路调控,因此,RA的血管靶向性治疗的真正内涵应当是在抗炎、抗血管新生、纠正低氧三者的联合治疗。RA血管靶向性治疗策略中重要的一环,是要找到其关键的治疗靶点。尽管一些动物试验显示干预VEGF-VEGFR系统、TIF、tie-1、2ME、α3vβ3整合素可以减轻CIA,抑制滑膜增生和关节破坏,但一些临床试验并未获得预期的疗效。BMP2/TGFβ/Hh信号系统是存在于RA中的滑膜血管新生调节系统,在其上游存在一个蛋白家族Scube,与BMP2/TGFβ/Hh均存在交叉对话,是RA血管靶向性治疗的潜在靶点,但仍缺乏大量实验及临床证据。简言之,干预信号通路下游的靶点,或某个单独的靶点,都不足以纠正血管新生。目前的抗风湿药均可通过不同机制发挥抗炎作用,并通过抑制细胞因子、VEGF-VEGFR系统一定程度地抑制滑膜血管新生,但对BMP2/TGFβ/Hh系统中的关键信号分子无影响,滑膜血管新生依然持续存在。因此,单方面纠正低氧、炎症和血管新生状态,都不足以改善RA的微环境,所谓RA的血管靶向性治疗,必须是抗炎、抗血管新生、纠正低氧三者的联合治疗。
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